• Latest
  • Trending
Evolution of China’s policy on minorities

Evolution of China’s policy on minorities

April 12, 2021
Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

October 4, 2023
Former Maldivian President Nasheed extends full support to Muizzu

Former Maldivian President Nasheed extends full support to Muizzu

October 4, 2023
Children. Image credits - Piron Guillaume gpiron

Adults shouting at children can be as harmful to a child’s development as sexual or physical abuse, study finds

October 4, 2023
Vaccines. Image credits - Mufid Majnun / Unsplash

mRNA vaccines: 5 things to know

October 4, 2023
A coffee tree in Hacienda Alsacia. Image credits - Joshua Trujillo/Starbucks

Coffee is in danger. Starbucks is working on solutions

October 4, 2023
US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy quits after historic vote to oust him

US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy quits after historic vote to oust him

October 4, 2023
Apple

Why your new Apple iPhone 15 is overheating

October 3, 2023
Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

October 4, 2023
Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

October 4, 2023
Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

October 3, 2023
Mosquitoes

WHO recommends malaria vaccine that will be rolled out next year

October 3, 2023
Kumar Sangakkara

Kumar Sangakkara appointed as new chair of MCC’s World Cricket Committee

October 3, 2023
  • About Us
  • Advertisements
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact
Thursday, October 5, 2023
No Result
View All Result
NewsIn.Asia
  • Home
  • Around South Asia
    • All
    • Afghanistan
    • Bangladesh
    • Bhutan
    • China
    • India
    • Maldives
    • Myanmar
    • Nepal
    • Pakistan
    • Sri Lanka
    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Former Maldivian President Nasheed extends full support to Muizzu

    Former Maldivian President Nasheed extends full support to Muizzu

    Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

    Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

    Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

    Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

    Kumar Sangakkara

    Kumar Sangakkara appointed as new chair of MCC’s World Cricket Committee

    FILE PHOTO: A Tesla Model 3 electric vehicle is displayed at the Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto, Ontario, Canada February 18, 2020. REUTERS/Chris Helgren/File Photo

    Sri Lanka to implement new vehicle revenue licence issuing system

    Nepal wants development aid from China, not a security pact

    Nepal wants development aid from China, not a security pact

    Winner Muizzu meets Solih to smoothen post-poll transition  

    Winner Muizzu meets Solih to smoothen post-poll transition  

    New Maldivian President to balance India and China

    New Maldivian President to balance India and China

  • World
    • All
    • Japan
    • Russia
    • United Kingdom
    • United States
    Children. Image credits - Piron Guillaume gpiron

    Adults shouting at children can be as harmful to a child’s development as sexual or physical abuse, study finds

    Vaccines. Image credits - Mufid Majnun / Unsplash

    mRNA vaccines: 5 things to know

    A coffee tree in Hacienda Alsacia. Image credits - Joshua Trujillo/Starbucks

    Coffee is in danger. Starbucks is working on solutions

    US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy quits after historic vote to oust him

    US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy quits after historic vote to oust him

    Apple

    Why your new Apple iPhone 15 is overheating

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Mosquitoes

    WHO recommends malaria vaccine that will be rolled out next year

    Is Canada becoming the “new Pakistan” for India

    Is Canada becoming the “new Pakistan” for India

    China

    What China’s economic problems mean for the world

  • Business
  • Politics
  • Sports
  • Entertainment
    • All
    • Books
    • Gaming
    • Movie
    • Music
    • Series
    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Jawan is releasing on 4000 screens internationally. It is the widest release for an SRK centric film (Credit: Red Chillies Entertainment)

    This actor is so huge his fans lined up at 4.30 a.m. to watch his new movie

    Instagram. Solen Feyissa @solenfeyissa / Unsplash

    New report reveals highest earners from Instagram posts

    Barbie

    Lebanon bans ‘Barbie’ movie

    How I came to love ‘Oppenheimer’ and still detest the bomb

    How I came to love ‘Oppenheimer’ and still detest the bomb

    Rajnikanth

    Back Offices in Chennai, Bengaluru declare holiday on August 10 for Rajnikanth’s ‘Jailer’ movie premiere

    Taylor Swift

    Taylor Swift Seattle concert generates seismic activity

    Actors Emily Blunt (L), Cillian Murphy (centre) and Florence Pugh (R) at the premiere of Oppenheimer. Image credits - Getty Images.

    Hollywood actors announce historic strike

    Hugh Jackman dons classic Wolverine suit in Deadpool

    Hugh Jackman dons classic Wolverine suit in Deadpool 3 first look

  • Lifestyle
    • All
    • Fashion
    • Food
    • Health
    • Science
    • Travel
    Children. Image credits - Piron Guillaume gpiron

    Adults shouting at children can be as harmful to a child’s development as sexual or physical abuse, study finds

    Vaccines. Image credits - Mufid Majnun / Unsplash

    mRNA vaccines: 5 things to know

    A coffee tree in Hacienda Alsacia. Image credits - Joshua Trujillo/Starbucks

    Coffee is in danger. Starbucks is working on solutions

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Mosquitoes

    WHO recommends malaria vaccine that will be rolled out next year

    This dish on Mugaritz's tasting menu is called "Technique: beef contrasts."

    This country has more of the world’s 50 best restaurants than any other

    Biden’s campaign team to prevent him from falling

    Biden’s campaign team to prevent him from falling

    This dish on Mugaritz's tasting menu is called "Technique: beef contrasts."

    The world’s 50 best restaurants for 2023 revealed

    The Upper House (Hong Kong): This beloved Hong Kong classic sits above Admiralty's Pacific Place and features 117 luxuriously-designed rooms. Courtesy Upper House Hong Kong

    World’s 50 best hotels for 2023 revealed

    Indian government’s decision to delay the census raises suspicions, says Lancet

    Indian government’s decision to delay the census raises suspicions, says Lancet

    Trending Tags

    • Golden Globes
    • Mr. Robot
    • MotoGP 2017
    • Climate Change
    • Flat Earth
  • Tech
    Apple

    Why your new Apple iPhone 15 is overheating

    Whatsapp. Image credits - AARN GIRI / Unsplash

    New features introduced in Whatsapp’s latest update

    iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new and durable design, the Dynamic Island, a powerful 48MP Main camera, and A16 Bionic.

    iOS 17 release: See what’s new in iPhone features

    How to erase everything that Google and Facebook know about you

    How to erase everything that Google and Facebook know about you

    Apple

    France orders Apple to halt iPhone 12 sales

    iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new and durable design, the Dynamic Island, a powerful 48MP Main camera, and A16 Bionic.

    Apple debuts iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus

    Trending Tags

    • Sillicon Valley
    • Climate Change
    • Election Results
    • Flat Earth
    • Golden Globes
    • MotoGP 2017
    • Mr. Robot
  • Coronavirus
  • Videos
  • Home
  • Around South Asia
    • All
    • Afghanistan
    • Bangladesh
    • Bhutan
    • China
    • India
    • Maldives
    • Myanmar
    • Nepal
    • Pakistan
    • Sri Lanka
    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Former Maldivian President Nasheed extends full support to Muizzu

    Former Maldivian President Nasheed extends full support to Muizzu

    Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

    Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

    Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

    Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

    Kumar Sangakkara

    Kumar Sangakkara appointed as new chair of MCC’s World Cricket Committee

    FILE PHOTO: A Tesla Model 3 electric vehicle is displayed at the Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto, Ontario, Canada February 18, 2020. REUTERS/Chris Helgren/File Photo

    Sri Lanka to implement new vehicle revenue licence issuing system

    Nepal wants development aid from China, not a security pact

    Nepal wants development aid from China, not a security pact

    Winner Muizzu meets Solih to smoothen post-poll transition  

    Winner Muizzu meets Solih to smoothen post-poll transition  

    New Maldivian President to balance India and China

    New Maldivian President to balance India and China

  • World
    • All
    • Japan
    • Russia
    • United Kingdom
    • United States
    Children. Image credits - Piron Guillaume gpiron

    Adults shouting at children can be as harmful to a child’s development as sexual or physical abuse, study finds

    Vaccines. Image credits - Mufid Majnun / Unsplash

    mRNA vaccines: 5 things to know

    A coffee tree in Hacienda Alsacia. Image credits - Joshua Trujillo/Starbucks

    Coffee is in danger. Starbucks is working on solutions

    US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy quits after historic vote to oust him

    US House Speaker Kevin McCarthy quits after historic vote to oust him

    Apple

    Why your new Apple iPhone 15 is overheating

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Mosquitoes

    WHO recommends malaria vaccine that will be rolled out next year

    Is Canada becoming the “new Pakistan” for India

    Is Canada becoming the “new Pakistan” for India

    China

    What China’s economic problems mean for the world

  • Business
  • Politics
  • Sports
  • Entertainment
    • All
    • Books
    • Gaming
    • Movie
    • Music
    • Series
    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia’s Vrindaban Gurukul for new-age learners

    Jawan is releasing on 4000 screens internationally. It is the widest release for an SRK centric film (Credit: Red Chillies Entertainment)

    This actor is so huge his fans lined up at 4.30 a.m. to watch his new movie

    Instagram. Solen Feyissa @solenfeyissa / Unsplash

    New report reveals highest earners from Instagram posts

    Barbie

    Lebanon bans ‘Barbie’ movie

    How I came to love ‘Oppenheimer’ and still detest the bomb

    How I came to love ‘Oppenheimer’ and still detest the bomb

    Rajnikanth

    Back Offices in Chennai, Bengaluru declare holiday on August 10 for Rajnikanth’s ‘Jailer’ movie premiere

    Taylor Swift

    Taylor Swift Seattle concert generates seismic activity

    Actors Emily Blunt (L), Cillian Murphy (centre) and Florence Pugh (R) at the premiere of Oppenheimer. Image credits - Getty Images.

    Hollywood actors announce historic strike

    Hugh Jackman dons classic Wolverine suit in Deadpool

    Hugh Jackman dons classic Wolverine suit in Deadpool 3 first look

  • Lifestyle
    • All
    • Fashion
    • Food
    • Health
    • Science
    • Travel
    Children. Image credits - Piron Guillaume gpiron

    Adults shouting at children can be as harmful to a child’s development as sexual or physical abuse, study finds

    Vaccines. Image credits - Mufid Majnun / Unsplash

    mRNA vaccines: 5 things to know

    A coffee tree in Hacienda Alsacia. Image credits - Joshua Trujillo/Starbucks

    Coffee is in danger. Starbucks is working on solutions

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Hungarian and US scientists win Nobel in medicine for COVID-19 vaccine work

    Mosquitoes

    WHO recommends malaria vaccine that will be rolled out next year

    This dish on Mugaritz's tasting menu is called "Technique: beef contrasts."

    This country has more of the world’s 50 best restaurants than any other

    Biden’s campaign team to prevent him from falling

    Biden’s campaign team to prevent him from falling

    This dish on Mugaritz's tasting menu is called "Technique: beef contrasts."

    The world’s 50 best restaurants for 2023 revealed

    The Upper House (Hong Kong): This beloved Hong Kong classic sits above Admiralty's Pacific Place and features 117 luxuriously-designed rooms. Courtesy Upper House Hong Kong

    World’s 50 best hotels for 2023 revealed

    Indian government’s decision to delay the census raises suspicions, says Lancet

    Indian government’s decision to delay the census raises suspicions, says Lancet

    Trending Tags

    • Golden Globes
    • Mr. Robot
    • MotoGP 2017
    • Climate Change
    • Flat Earth
  • Tech
    Apple

    Why your new Apple iPhone 15 is overheating

    Whatsapp. Image credits - AARN GIRI / Unsplash

    New features introduced in Whatsapp’s latest update

    iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new and durable design, the Dynamic Island, a powerful 48MP Main camera, and A16 Bionic.

    iOS 17 release: See what’s new in iPhone features

    How to erase everything that Google and Facebook know about you

    How to erase everything that Google and Facebook know about you

    Apple

    France orders Apple to halt iPhone 12 sales

    iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus feature a gorgeous new and durable design, the Dynamic Island, a powerful 48MP Main camera, and A16 Bionic.

    Apple debuts iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus

    Trending Tags

    • Sillicon Valley
    • Climate Change
    • Election Results
    • Flat Earth
    • Golden Globes
    • MotoGP 2017
    • Mr. Robot
  • Coronavirus
  • Videos
NewsIn.Asia
No Result
View All Result
Home Around South Asia China

Evolution of China’s policy on minorities

Editor by Editor
April 12, 2021
in China, Human Rights, Recommend
Reading Time: 5 mins read
7 1
A A
Evolution of China’s policy on minorities
Share on WhatsApp

Colombo, April 9 (Counterpoint): Among issues on which China is unsparingly criticized in the Western world is the way it treats its minorities. No doubt, China has problems with its minorities, like other countries. And again, like other political systems, Chinese political systems have, over the centuries, tackled the question in a variety of ways with varying degrees of success.

To put the issue in the contemporary context, Human Rights Watch (HRW), has charged that Beijing’s “Strike Hard Campaign against Violent Extremism” has entailed mass arbitrary detention, surveillance, indoctrination, and the destruction of the cultural and religious heritage of the Muslim Uighurs in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. It is alleged that about one million Uighurs are being indefinitely held in “political education camps, where they are forced to disavow their identity and become loyal government subjects.”

In Buddhist Tibet, religious freedom, speech, movement and assembly are allegedly highly restricted with the faintest support for the Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, inviting the harshest penalties. 

ADVERTISEMENT

Major Minorities

There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups or “nationalities” in China. As per the 2011 Census, the largest ethnic group, the Han, are about 91.51% of the population and 8.49% are minorities. Of the minorities, the Zhuang (17 million) are the largest. Tibetans are 5.4 million, the Mongols 5.8 million, and the Uighurs are 8.4 million. These are concentrated in their own “autonomous” regions. Though very small compared to the Han, the minorities are strategically important because they inhabit the border areas; occupy 60% of China’s land mass, and their areas are extremely rich in minerals.

Historically, Chinese central governments have had problems in keeping the minorities under their control because of cultural differences and the Hans’ deep–seated habit of looking upon non-Hans as “barbarians”, who have to be either subdued or acculturated and absorbed. Over time, various formulae have been used to bring about accommodation or integration.

Basically, the method has been a combination of appeasement and military force with the mix changing with circumstances, says Xiaohui Wu, in his work: From Assimilation to Autonomy: Realizing Ethnic Minority Rights in China’s National Autonomous Regions (in the Chinese Journal of International Law, March 2014). The more effective instrument of China’s imperial expansion has been the superior power of the social and material culture of the Han Chinese, rather than military conquest or coercion, Xiaohui says. The Han dubbed others “barbarians” and yet assimilated them culturally and integrated them politically into the Han Chinese commonwealth, he argues.

Post-Imperial Era

Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China (ROC) after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, recognized the existence of four distinct minority groups in China, namely, the Manchus, Mongolians, Tibetans and Huis (which included Muslims) and assured equality of all ethnic groups. Nevertheless, his ultimate goal was to “facilitate the dying out of all names of individual peoples inhabiting China and to unify and fuse all the peoples into a single cultural and political whole”.

In 1931, under the influence of the Soviets, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) adopted a Draft Constitution in which Art 14 explicitly recognized the right to self-determination of the national minorities. This helped the CCP get the support of the minorities in its fight against the Japanese and the Kuomintang right wing nationalists. After they came to power in 1949, the Communists considered nationality policy to be of utmost importance because of the security issue. The Western powers were poised to set the minorities against the Han. The ethnic minorities inhabited 60% of China’s territory and occupied sensitive border areas. Beijing, therefore, barred secession while allowing regional autonomy.

Article 3 of the 1954 Constitution of the PRCsaid that China is a “unitary multinational state”and that all the nationalities are equal. Discrimination against or oppression of any nationality, and acts which undermined the unity of the nationalities, were prohibited.

“All the nationalities had the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages, and to preserve or reform their own customs and ways. The government engaged in social engineering on a large scale, starting various types of relief work, introducing new technology, tackling illiteracy and disease and constructing energy, communication and transportation projects in minority areas. It is fair to say that nationalities questions were generally handled with sensitivity in the early 1950s. As a result, relations between the Han Chinese and minorities improved,” Xiaohui writes.

However, things changed in 1957, when a radical leftist reform movement was unleashed. The Cultural Revolution, which followed, also sharped the Han-Minorities divide. “Local nationalism” became a “sin”. But when Deng Xiaoping began to introduce liberal economic reforms in the late 1970s, the accent was on economic development. All Chinese, including the minorities, gained.

However, the loosening of political and economic restrictions and the return to pluralistic policies led to increasing political awareness and nationalist impulses among the minorities, Xiaohui points out. But the State responded positively. In 1982 it put in place a system based on political autonomy, economic autonomy and a system of language, cultural and religious rights. New autonomous units were set up. By 1992, there were five autonomous regions, thirty autonomous prefectures, 124 autonomous counties and 1,200 autonomous townships.

National minorities were exempted from the “one child” policy, which was strictly implemented among the Han Chinese. The minorities were granted privileges like tax reduction, preference for admission to institutions of higher education and religious and cultural freedom from government interference. Between the 1982 and 1990 censuses, while the Han population grew by a total of 10%, the minorities increased by 35%.

There was increased representation of national minorities in the National People’s Congress, the government and the CCP. Of the 161 members of the 11th NPC Standing Committee held in March 2009, 25 were from ethnic minorities, accounting for 15.53 percent of the total, according to Xiaohui.

However, a high proportion of government officials in autonomous government agencies were the Han who did not speak or understand minority languages. In the late 1990s, the Han accounted for 40 to 80% of staff in the autonomous government agencies.

Foreign critics point out that many of the benefits generated from economic development in the minority areas are accrued mainly by Han migrants, especially in the higher paying technical and senior positions, and do not proportionally benefit local minority communities. Further, autonomous regions with a large Han immigrant populations got greater resource allocations from the Center. At any rate all key decisions were, and are, made by a Han-dominated small group in the central government.

Emily Hannum of the University of Pennsylvania and Meiyan Wang, of the Chinese Academy of Social Science say in their paper: Ethnicity, Socio–economic Status, and Social Welfare in China say thatwhile poverty rates were dropping among minorities, in the rural areas, minorities were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to be poor than their Han counterparts. More than one in 10 rural minority children were below the poverty line, compared to about one in 25 in the case of Han children. Rural minority children’s household incomes were just under two-thirds of the figure reported for Han children. In rural areas, minorities had less access to wage employment than in the Han-dominated rural regions. They made less money when they engaged in wage employment.

Xi’s Poverty Alleviation

However, when Xi Jinping came to power, he made removal of poverty a major goal of the government. Recently he announced that in eight years, 100 million Chinese had been uplifted from “extreme poverty” using technology. Presumably, many of the beneficiaries are from the minority communities in remote rural areas. 

END

Tags: AssimilationChinaEconomic DevelopmentHuman RightsMinoritiesSeparation

Related Posts

Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW
Around The World

Ranil Wickremesinghe’s explosive interview to DW

October 4, 2023
Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada
Canada

Roots of Sikh gangsterism in Canada

October 4, 2023
Nepal wants development aid from China, not a security pact
China

Nepal wants development aid from China, not a security pact

October 2, 2023
New Maldivian President to balance India and China
China

New Maldivian President to balance India and China

October 2, 2023
Pro-India Solih loses to pro-China Muizzu in Maldivian Presidential poll
China

Pro-India Solih loses to pro-China Muizzu in Maldivian Presidential poll

October 2, 2023
China
Around South Asia

What China’s economic problems mean for the world

September 29, 2023
  • Electricity

    Power cut schedule for today in Sri Lanka: Uninterrupted power supply

    60414 shares
    Share 24188 Tweet 15094
  • Registration open for National Fuel Pass

    6647 shares
    Share 2696 Tweet 1646
  • Foreign Currency Official Exchange Rates from Central Bank of Sri Lanka

    2097 shares
    Share 845 Tweet 522
  • 12 hour water cut in areas of Colombo

    818 shares
    Share 349 Tweet 196
  • WATCH : Yohani’s first live performance in India

    791 shares
    Share 329 Tweet 193
  • About Us
  • Advertisements
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact

© 2022 All rights reserved.

No Result
View All Result
  • Home
  • Around South Asia
    • Afghanistan
    • Bangladesh
    • Bhutan
    • China
    • India
    • Maldives
    • Myanmar
    • Nepal
    • Pakistan
    • Sri Lanka
  • Around The World
  • Breaking News
  • Business
    • Exchange
  • Climate Change
  • Governance
    • Crime
    • Diplomacy
    • Defense
    • Human Rights
    • Politics
    • Strategic Affairs
  • Lifestyle
    • Books
    • Entertainment
      • Arts
      • Cinema
      • Gaming
      • Music
      • Movie
      • Series
      • TV
    • Health
    • Fashion
    • Food
    • Travel
  • Culture
    • Ethnicity
    • Gender
  • Development news
  • Economy
  • Education
  • Environment
  • Coronavirus
  • History
  • National
  • Offbeat
    • Media
    • Music and arts across South Asia
  • Recommended
    • Headlines
    • Highlights
    • Top Picture
    • Top Story
  • Religion
  • Science
  • Sports
    • Football
    • Cricket
      • LPL
      • IPL
    • Tennis
    • Formula 1
    • NBA
  • Tech
    • Instagram
  • United Nations
  • Weather
  • World
    • Japan
    • Russia
    • United States
  • Videos

© 2022 All rights reserved.

Welcome Back!

Login to your account below

Forgotten Password?

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In

Add New Playlist

eskisehir escort -

https://www.vudols.com/

- mersin escort - Antalya korsan taksi -
ip booter
-
deneme bonusu
- deneme bonusu veren siteler - Kiralık bahis sitesi - vbet giriş