By P.K.Balachandran
Colombo, December 18 (newsin.asia): In a series of strategic moves aimed at getting the support of the Tamil-speaking fishermen of Sri Lanka’s Northern Province, China has set up a sea cucumber hatchery and a foodstuff factory, and gifted fishermen with fishing gear worth LKR 6 million, and food parcels and facial masks (of a total value of 20 million LKR) to 2,500 fisher families in Jaffna and Mannar.
The Chinese embassy tweeted that during his visit to the Northern Province (from December 15-17), Ambassador Qi Zhenhong took officials and reporters on a study tour of the “New Silk Road” Foodstuff factory at Mannar on Friday. The factory employs 100 plus local workers, 85% of whom are females from nearby villages. Every month it produces 300k fish cans and provides incomes to thousands of fisher families in the area, the tweet said.
On Thursday, Ambassador Qi and Sri Lankan Fisheries Minister Douglas Devananda, accompanied by dozens of media personnel, visited the Guilan Sea Cucumber Hatchery & Farm in Jaffna. The company has created thousands of jobs for local fishermen, brought millions of US Dollars income and transferred technology to Sri Lanka, the tweet added.
The Tamil daily Virakesari reported that while in Mannar, the Chinese Ambassador went into the sea with the help of the Sri Lankan navy to see the Rama Sethu or the series of shoals between Sri Lanka and India which, it is believed, were the little islands created by Hanuman to help Lord Rama’s army crossover from India to Sri Lanka in the epic Hindu Ramayana.
Clearly, China is making calculated inroads into the North Lankan Tamil fishing community, which faces many economic problems, including those created by the regular influx of bottom trawlers from Tamil Nadu in India. The bottom trawlers not only poach in Sri Lankan waters but also wipe out the other resources on the seafloor. Repeated appeals by the North Lankan fishermen to the Sri Lankan and Indian governments to stop the Indian fishermen from poaching and bottom trawling have failed.
The Indians keep promising to restrain their fishermen from crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) and bottom trawling in Sri Lankan waters, but have been unable to deliver because fishermen are a powerful political constituency in Tamil Nadu. Previously, the Sri Lankan navy used to shoot, and sometimes even kill the intruders, but this is no longer done on appeal by India to treat innocent intruders in search of fish “humanely”. The intruders are arrested and their boats impounded, but still, they would keep coming.
The governments of India and Sri Lanka have set up a Joint Working Group to meet periodically and discuss the fishing issue, but these meetings have not been productive. Efforts by the Tamil Nadu and Indian governments to divert these fishermen to deep ocean fishing have failed.
Political Angle
The North Lankan fishermen’s appeals to Lankan Tamil politicians and successive Lankan governments to take up the matter with India strongly, have fallen on deaf ears. While Colombo has not been sufficiently interested in the issue, which affects only the minority Tamils, Lankan Tamil politicians do not want to antagonize or alienate their counterparts in Tamil Nadu because the latter support the larger Lankan Tamil demand for provincial autonomy. Some recent incidents of Lankan Tamil fishermen attacking the Indian intruders have not got political support as such attacks would spoil fraternal ties with Tamil Nadu.
Economic Impact
Be that as it may, North Sri Lankan Tamil fishermen have suffered great economic losses and desperately need the help of Colombo, Chennai and New Delhi to alleviate their condition. The Jaffna-based Lankan economist Dr. Muttukrishna Sarvananthan, writing in 2019 in Daily News notes that the areas around the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and Palk Strait are home to large stocks of marine resources, mainly because of the wider continental shelf here, the mean depth of which is just three metres and runs up to the Indian waters. According to Scholtens, the average depth of this area is nine metres. The muddy bottoms of the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and Palk Strait areas provide rich grounds for high-value shrimp species. The shallow seabed of these areas is also known to possess large stocks of a number of unique, sedentary, demersal fish.
After the end of the war in 2009, Jaffna district experienced a 34% drop in fish catch between 2012 (32,400 metric tons) and 2013 (21,380 metric tons); The fish catch in Mannar declined by 17 % between 2012 (13,450) and 2013 (11,110) and by another 12% between 2014 (22,130) and 2015 (19,390). This could be attributed to increase in poaching by Indian trawlers, Sarvananthan says.
He points out that bottom trawling has also been “mass killing” the under-grown fish (called ‘by-catch’) as trawlers shovel the bottom of the seabed indiscriminately. The trawlers also irreparably damage or destroy fishing nets used by fisherpersons in Sri Lanka, thereby causing the latter to avoid fishing on the days that Indian trawlers are expected to poach in Sri Lankan waters, consequently incurring a livelihood opportunity cost.
In addition to the direct monetary losses incurred by the fishing communities in the Northern Province, there are indirect losses incurred by the entire supply chain of the fisheries sub-sector. Quoting Oscar Amarasinghe, Sarvananthan says that over a three-year period (2006–2008), five estimates of loss ranged from US$ 16 million (lowest) to US$ 56 million (highest) per annum. The average of these five different estimates is US$ 41 million or LKR 5,293 million per annum.
Going further, Sarvananthan says that the annual direct monetary loss to each member of the fishing households in the Northern Province is LKR 28,848. The indirect losses in terms of value addition (processing, canning, drying, etc.), wholesale and retail mark-ups, and losses in seafood exports due to poaching by Indian trawlers are estimated to be 50% of the direct losses. Hence, the indirect losses amount to US$ 20.5 million or LKR 2,646.5 million.
Suggested Solution
To prevent China’s entry into the Northern fisheries sector to the detriment of Indian interests, and to enable both Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen to fish in the narrow sea, India could consider a proposal made by a former Principal Scientist at the Madras Research Centre of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute of India, Dr. Mohamad Kasim.
According to Dr.Sarvananthan, Dr. Kasim envisaged the construction and deployment of artificial reefs for the restoration of the coastal ecosystems; improvement of biodiversity; and increasing the biological resources. The artificial reefs should complement the natural coral reefs as they doing in the coasts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Palk Bay, Pulicat, and various other places in India.
According to Dr.Sarvananthan, the biodiversity of the bottom living bio-foulers could be greatly increased by increasing the sea bottom substratum. He quotes Dr. Shinya Otake, a Marine Biologist at Fukui Prefectural University in Japan, to say that some of the artificial reefs built in Japanese waters support a biomass of fish that is 20 times greater than similarly sized natural reefs.
“A study undertaken at the Occidental College in Los Angeles confirmed the foregoing claim by revealing that the weight of fish supported by each square metre of sea floor by oil and gas rigs off the Californian coast was 27 times more than that supported by each square metre of sea floor by the natural rocky reefs,” he adds.
These steps would improve the livelihood of coastal fishing communities of both Tamil Nadu and North Sri Lanka as there would be enough fish for the fishermen of both areas.
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