Colombo, March 13: Sino-Indian relations have been none too good for more than half a century now, and the main reasons for that are well known. But what is not so well known is the role of the media in India and China in sustaining and exacerbating bilateral tension, writes P.K.Balachandran in South Asian Monitor.

Sometimes, the sensation-loving media (on both sides of the Himalayas) have faked news. But more commonly they quote out of context, misinterpret statements and draw unwarranted inferences to feed latent nationalist sentiments and emerge as top dogs in the highly competitive media arena.

Two experienced foreign correspondents — one an Indian, who has been working in Beijing since 2009, and the other, a Chinese, who had studied and worked in India between 1996 and 2016 have brought out this facet of the bilateral relationship in their contributions to the book: Media at Work in China and India, Edited by Robin Jeffrey and Ronojoy Sen, SAGE India, 2015.

Ananth Krishnan, formerly of The Hindu and now of IndiaToday, and Tang Lu of the Xinhua news agency, bring out the Sino-Indian media’s role in the maintenance of tension, and explain the reasons for it.

In his paper entitled Media,Messaging and Misperceptions in India-China Relations: Reading the Tea Leaves, Ananth Krishnan observes: “An alarming inadequacy and confusion pervades India’s media and strategic community when it comes to reporting and analyzing China.”

“It’s a limitation that distorts and severely restricts the mainstream discourse that shapes perceptions in India and China.”

Added to this is the “failure of an effective public diplomacy response from both New Delhi and Beijing which has complicated the problem, leading to a situation where misperceptions, alarmism and hype are setting the media agendas on both sides of the Himalayas, in the absence of robust and fact based on the ground reporting.”

Ananth Krishnan gives the example of a briefing paper put out in 2009 by the Chennai-based Center for China Studies on “Chinese Strategic plan to break up the Indian Union.” Coming just before Sino-Indian border talks, the briefing paper, based on information from an obscure Chinese online forum, said that the abovementioned thesis reflected the official Chinese view because the forum was linked to an official think tank.

Predictably, the Indian media went to town on the threat, forcing the government to come out with a statement saying that what was alleged was not the official Chinese view. But by then, damage to Sino-Indian relations had been done and the border talks put in jeopardy.

Ananth Krishnan points out that the Center for China Studies had got the credentials of the website as well as the name of the blogger wrong. As the Times of India (TOI) confirmed later, the site was neither connected to a wellknown official think tank nor was the name of the author Zhongguo Zhan Lue. The latter was only a common pseudonym used by bloggers which merely meant “Chinese Strategist.”

Ignorance of the Chinese language is a major problem with Indian journalists and experts writing on China.

Ananth Krishnan points out that China’s netizens number in millions and are very active and diverse in their agendas and opinions, as Indian netizens. This is the reason why seasoned China watchers in the US and Japan disregard most of these as they do not reflect the official line, he says. But in India, there is a widely held belief that all that is published in China, whether on web or on paper, represents the collective Chinese view.

“Chinese politics may still be opaque but the information landscape in China has changed dramatically. Apart from the official media, there are a host of publications which do not reflect the official position,” the Beijing-based Indian journalist explains.

Disingenuous Interpretations 

Quoting news sources out of context and adding material have also caused much damage, Ananth Krishnan adds.

In 2010, Prof. Shen Dingli of Shanghai’s Fudan University had written that China should have military bases overseas. “Setting up military bases overseas is not an idea we have to shun. It is our right,” she had said. But the TOI used this to do a story with a headline saying: “China mulls setting up military base in Pakistan.”  And the opening lines said: “China has signaled it wants to go the US way and set up military bases in locations that would possibly include Pakistan. The obvious purpose would be to exert pressure on India as well as counter US influence in Pakistan and Afghanistan.”

But Ananth Krishnan points out that Prof. Shen did not even mention Pakistan! The TOIhad disingenuously “conflated the views of a single Chinese strategic scholar with that of the entire Chinese government.”

Not surprisingly, the report caused a “storm” in India.

A Press Trust of India (PTI) report based on a Xinhua story said that China is seeking to expand exploration for polymetalic sulphide ore in the Indian Ocean saying that China is entering “India’s backyard.”

But Xinhua never said anything of that sort. All that it did was to quote Liu Cigui, Head of the State Oceanic Administration, as saying that China plans to expand the scope of oceanic research and improve its understanding of the ocean “with special focuses on the polar regions and the deep-sea environments.”

Liu’s speech had no reference at all to mining rights or even the Indian Ocean. But the next day, TOI carried a story entitled: “India, China, square off for sea fight” and declared that “the oceans are the new theaters of India-China competition.”

Ananth Krishnan says this is tantamount to “news making” that has become standard practice in the Indian media.

“The absence of rigorous fact checking in Indian newspapers allow such misinterpretations to remain unchecked,” he points out.

“There is no distinction between fact and fiction making it impossible to have any meaningful and informed public debate on China. Sensationalism is undermining credibility,” he asserts.

Specifically, about reporting on China, he avers that “the biggest obstacle towards improving the level of debate and addressing misperceptions is the lack of on the ground perceptive,” regretting that Indian experts and correspondents do not know Mandarin.

Chinese Perspective

The Chinese correspondent, Tang Lu, had gone to India first in 1996 to study at the Jawaharlal University in New Delhi and the Sardar Patel University in Anand, Gujarat. She came back to be Xinhua’s Bureau Chief in Mumbai and was in the country till 2016.

In her paper Understanding and Reporting India, Tang Lu points out that, if the Indian media misreads China, the Chinese media also misreads India. Both take the other’s media more seriously than they should be, because both are terribly deficient in ground level factual reporting, she says. Both go almost entirely by secondary media sources with the Chinese media often swallowing Western reports hook, line and sinker.

But Tang Lu says that she got out of the rut because she was, by training, a researcher with experience as a development official (Vice Governor) in the poor and rural Baishui county in Shaanxi province. In India, as a student at Anand, she traversed the Gujarat countryside, even taking part in 26-day re-enacting of Gandhiji’s Dandi Salt March 75 years earlier. She wanted to savor not just “India” (the metros) but “Bharat” (the villages and small towns).

Although Chinese media outlets kept publishing stories based on Indian and Western media reports, Tang Lu was able to push in her realistic pieces based on ground realities and perspectives acquired by long years of stay in India.

She points that the Chinese and the Chinese media are obsessed with the notion (created by the Indian media really) that India is aiming to be a “world power” and view all its successes and failures from the point of view of this goal.

Therefore, when terrorists staged a devastating attack on metropolitan Mumbai on November 26, 2008, the Chinese media, following the Western media, went to town saying India’s dream of becoming a world lay shattered. But Tang Lu disagreed saying that just as one or two achievements could not make a country a world power, one or two terrorist attacks could not stem progress towards that goal. She wrote a piece entitled: “The Terrorist Attack in Mumbai Can’t Destroy India’s Dream of World Power” which was carried.

Likewise, when the power grid in North India collapsed in July 2012, the Chinese media claimed that over 670 million Indians were stumbling in the dark and that India’s pretentions about being a world power lay shattered. But in her dispatch Tang Lu pointed out that millions in North India were not affected as they did not have electricity in the first place, and that in the towns, many middle-class Indians had generators to overcome the crisis.

Ahead of the 2004 Indian parliamentary elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government led by A.B.Vajpayee had launched the “India Shining” propaganda offensive as per the advice of a US public relations company. Indian and Western media followed suit and declared that India had at last come out of the colonial hangover and was forging ahead brilliantly. The Chinese media which relied on these reports, also looked at the situation in the same way. But as a perceptive observer of the Indian scene Tang Lu wrote that the “publicity campaign of the Vajpayee government not only ignores the long-standing problems of domestic poverty which brought some criticism but also evoked a lot of doubts from Indian economists.” Her lone view proved to be correct as the BJP lost the 2004 elections.

Comparison of the militaries of India and China is another favorite story in the media of the two countries. In February 2009, there was a popular Chinese media story about the Chinese navy forcing an Indian submarine to surface in the Gulf of Aden. To match it, the The Hinduand TOI said that an Indian submarine had followed the fleet of a “certain nation” for a week and simulated 39 attacks on it. The Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post also published that story drawing world attention to it. But a bit of research revealed that the original story put out by Qindao Morning News of China was “fake” and that the media across the Sino-Indian border and the world, had been taken for a ride.

Mutual Hostility

Just as the Indian media is hostile to China, the Chinese media is also hostile to India. Both had a penchant for picking up published material which reeked of belligerence. In 2009, when Prime Minister Manmohan Singh told parliament that India was beefing up its military on the border with China, it became hot news both in India and China. But when Tang Lu read Singh’s statement she found that it was by no means belligerent.

All that Singh said was: “There are, of course, issues which are complex, such as the boundary question. But we have agreed upon a mechanism to address the matter. We wish to build a strong and stable relationship with China. Whether it is China or any other country we will ensure the territorial integrity and unity of our country and protect its security in every manner necessary.”

While the Chinese media condemned Singh’s “hardline” Tang Lu wrote a positive piece in Xinhua’s weekly publication International Herald Reader which was well received.

Chinese Media As Diverse as India’s   

Both Indians and Chinese have the wrong notion that their media are monolithic with no diversity. The Chinese do not know that for every 100 Indians there are 101 views and Indians do not know that the Chinese media is very diverse, Tang Lu points out.

“In fact, Chinese media can publish their own exclusive opinions although all media are under government regulations. The views do not represent the government’s stance. It is more or less the same as the complicated Indian media. Chinese media do not speak with one voice. The Peoples’ Daily,QiushiMagazine,Sunday Times, Xinhua News Agency, Southern Weekend, Global Times, all of them represent different voices,” Tang Lu says.

And like Ananth Krishnan, Tang Lu says that lack of knowledge of Chinese is adversely affecting the quality of Indian news reports from China.